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            file_put_contents($pathname, $message . "\n", FILE_APPEND);

file_put_contents - [internal], line ??
Cake\Log\Engine\FileLog::log() - CORE/src/Log/Engine/FileLog.php, line 140
Cake\Log\Log::write() - CORE/src/Log/Log.php, line 392
Cake\Log\Log::warning() - CORE/src/Log/Log.php, line 477
DebugKit\ToolbarService::isSuspiciouslyProduction() - ROOT/vendor/cakephp/debug_kit/src/ToolbarService.php, line 169
DebugKit\ToolbarService::isEnabled() - ROOT/vendor/cakephp/debug_kit/src/ToolbarService.php, line 105
DebugKit\Plugin::bootstrap() - ROOT/vendor/cakephp/debug_kit/src/Plugin.php, line 48
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::pluginBootstrap() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 182
Cake\Http\Server::bootstrap() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 111
Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 79
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            $this->_File->fwrite($contents) &&
            $this->_File->fflush();

SplFileObject::fwrite() - [internal], line ??
Cake\Cache\Engine\FileEngine::set() - CORE/src/Cache/Engine/FileEngine.php, line 141
Cake\Database\Schema\CachedCollection::describe() - CORE/src/Database/Schema/CachedCollection.php, line 85
Cake\ORM\Table::getSchema() - CORE/src/ORM/Table.php, line 513
Cake\ORM\Query::addDefaultTypes() - CORE/src/ORM/Query.php, line 290
Cake\ORM\Query::__construct() - CORE/src/ORM/Query.php, line 184
Cake\ORM\Table::query() - CORE/src/ORM/Table.php, line 1702
Cake\ORM\Table::find() - CORE/src/ORM/Table.php, line 1263
App\Controller\NewsController::action_() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 6437
App\Controller\NewsController::get_data() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5701
App\Controller\NewsController::action_cache() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5625
App\Controller\NewsController::cache_action() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5281
App\Controller\NewsController::view() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 3226
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 539
Cake\Controller\ControllerFactory::handle() - CORE/src/Controller/ControllerFactory.php, line 140
Cake\Controller\ControllerFactory::invoke() - CORE/src/Controller/ControllerFactory.php, line 115
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::handle() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 317

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Code Context

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            $this->_File->fflush();

SplFileObject::fwrite() - [internal], line ??
Cake\Cache\Engine\FileEngine::set() - CORE/src/Cache/Engine/FileEngine.php, line 141
Cake\Database\Schema\CachedCollection::describe() - CORE/src/Database/Schema/CachedCollection.php, line 85
Cake\ORM\Table::getSchema() - CORE/src/ORM/Table.php, line 513
Cake\ORM\Query::addDefaultTypes() - CORE/src/ORM/Query.php, line 290
Cake\ORM\Query::__construct() - CORE/src/ORM/Query.php, line 184
Cake\ORM\Table::query() - CORE/src/ORM/Table.php, line 1702
Cake\ORM\Table::find() - CORE/src/ORM/Table.php, line 1263
App\Controller\NewsController::action_() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 6426
App\Controller\NewsController::get_data() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5701
App\Controller\NewsController::action_cache() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5625
App\Controller\NewsController::cache_action() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5281
App\Controller\NewsController::view() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 3436
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 539
Cake\Controller\ControllerFactory::handle() - CORE/src/Controller/ControllerFactory.php, line 140
Cake\Controller\ControllerFactory::invoke() - CORE/src/Controller/ControllerFactory.php, line 115
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::handle() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 317

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Code Context

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            $this->_File->fflush();

SplFileObject::fwrite() - [internal], line ??
Cake\Cache\Engine\FileEngine::set() - CORE/src/Cache/Engine/FileEngine.php, line 141
Cake\Cache\Cache::write() - CORE/src/Cache/Cache.php, line 266
App\Controller\NewsController::action_() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 6766
App\Controller\NewsController::get_data() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5701
App\Controller\NewsController::action_cache() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5625
App\Controller\NewsController::cache_action() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5281
App\Controller\NewsController::view() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 3663
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 539
Cake\Controller\ControllerFactory::handle() - CORE/src/Controller/ControllerFactory.php, line 140
Cake\Controller\ControllerFactory::invoke() - CORE/src/Controller/ControllerFactory.php, line 115
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::handle() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 317
Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 77
Cake\Http\Middleware\CsrfProtectionMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/Http/Middleware/CsrfProtectionMiddleware.php, line 164
Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 73
Cake\I18n\Middleware\LocaleSelectorMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/I18n/Middleware/LocaleSelectorMiddleware.php, line 61
Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 73

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                E_USER_WARNING
            );

Cake\Cache\Cache::write() - CORE/src/Cache/Cache.php, line 275
App\Controller\NewsController::action_() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 6766
App\Controller\NewsController::get_data() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5701
App\Controller\NewsController::action_cache() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5625
App\Controller\NewsController::cache_action() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5281
App\Controller\NewsController::view() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 3663
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 539
Cake\Controller\ControllerFactory::handle() - CORE/src/Controller/ControllerFactory.php, line 140
Cake\Controller\ControllerFactory::invoke() - CORE/src/Controller/ControllerFactory.php, line 115
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::handle() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 317
Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 77
Cake\Http\Middleware\CsrfProtectionMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/Http/Middleware/CsrfProtectionMiddleware.php, line 164
Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 73
Cake\I18n\Middleware\LocaleSelectorMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/I18n/Middleware/LocaleSelectorMiddleware.php, line 61
Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 73
Cake\Http\Middleware\BodyParserMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/Http/Middleware/BodyParserMiddleware.php, line 157

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Code Context

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App\Controller\NewsController::action_cache() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5571
App\Controller\NewsController::cache_action() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5281
App\Controller\NewsController::view() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 3698
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 539
Cake\Controller\ControllerFactory::handle() - CORE/src/Controller/ControllerFactory.php, line 140
Cake\Controller\ControllerFactory::invoke() - CORE/src/Controller/ControllerFactory.php, line 115
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::handle() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 317
Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 77
Cake\Http\Middleware\CsrfProtectionMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/Http/Middleware/CsrfProtectionMiddleware.php, line 164
Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 73
Cake\I18n\Middleware\LocaleSelectorMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/I18n/Middleware/LocaleSelectorMiddleware.php, line 61
Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 73
Cake\Http\Middleware\BodyParserMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/Http/Middleware/BodyParserMiddleware.php, line 157
Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 73
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 161
Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 73

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Code Context

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unserialize - [internal], line ??
App\Controller\NewsController::action_cache() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5571
App\Controller\NewsController::cache_action() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5281
App\Controller\NewsController::article_show() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 4290
App\Controller\NewsController::view() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 3822
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 539
Cake\Controller\ControllerFactory::handle() - CORE/src/Controller/ControllerFactory.php, line 140
Cake\Controller\ControllerFactory::invoke() - CORE/src/Controller/ControllerFactory.php, line 115
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::handle() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 317
Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 77
Cake\Http\Middleware\CsrfProtectionMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/Http/Middleware/CsrfProtectionMiddleware.php, line 164
Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 73
Cake\I18n\Middleware\LocaleSelectorMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/I18n/Middleware/LocaleSelectorMiddleware.php, line 61
Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 73
Cake\Http\Middleware\BodyParserMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/Http/Middleware/BodyParserMiddleware.php, line 157
Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 73
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 161

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Code Context

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App\Controller\NewsController::action_cache() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5571
App\Controller\NewsController::cache_action() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5281
App\Controller\NewsController::article_show() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 4310
App\Controller\NewsController::view() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 3822
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 539
Cake\Controller\ControllerFactory::handle() - CORE/src/Controller/ControllerFactory.php, line 140
Cake\Controller\ControllerFactory::invoke() - CORE/src/Controller/ControllerFactory.php, line 115
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::handle() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 317
Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 77
Cake\Http\Middleware\CsrfProtectionMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/Http/Middleware/CsrfProtectionMiddleware.php, line 164
Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 73
Cake\I18n\Middleware\LocaleSelectorMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/I18n/Middleware/LocaleSelectorMiddleware.php, line 61
Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 73
Cake\Http\Middleware\BodyParserMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/Http/Middleware/BodyParserMiddleware.php, line 157
Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 73
Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 161

认识古代中国的一把钥匙

趣科技 2020-06-22 09:46:05 转载来源: 人民日报

研究中国古代社会，必然要关注上层建筑与经济基础两大层面。经济基础决定上层建筑，上层建筑影响经济基础

研究中国古代社会，必然要关注上层建筑与经济基础两大层面。经济基础决定上层建筑，上层建筑影响经济基础。上层建筑对经济基础的影响是多方面的，制度的创建和运行是其中的关键，制度史研究是认识古代中国的一把钥匙。

在社会生活中，大至国家行政，小到民众日常，无不与制度相关。我国古代有识之士对于制度的普遍性、重要性有着十分深刻的认识。战国时期的儒家学者说，治国须有“絜矩之道”。所谓“絜矩”，就是规矩制度。宋代的思想家朱熹说：“如礼乐刑政，文为制度，触处都是。”明清之际的思想家王夫之引当时人的说法认为：“天下之大，兆民之众，须有规矩制度，使各守其分”。

“制”和“度”两个字，虽然在上古文献及甲骨文和青铜器铭文里面就可以见到，但将它们合在一起，形成“制度”这个概念则比较晚，可能是在战国秦汉时期。有的文献认为黄帝创建制度，也有文献认为夏禹、商汤、周文王、周武王都在制定制度。

制度的创建，往往是那个时代的政治家、思想家根据人民群众实践和社会发展实际反复研判权衡的结果。例如，周代以礼乐文明著称，其礼乐制度主要保存于“三礼”之中。《周礼》讲王朝官制和政治制度，《仪礼》记述有关冠、婚、丧、祭、乡、射、朝、聘等礼仪制度，《礼记》则阐释各种礼仪制度的精神和意义。周公作为一位卓越的政治家、思想家，确定了周代多种礼乐制度的纲领和原则，阐发了礼仪的文化精神。后人将并不是他撰著的《周礼》《仪礼》归之于他的名下，倒也不无道理。

制度是经过长期社会实践形成的，有些制度可以运行数百年之久而无大的变动，主要原因是其顶层设计适应社会发展的需要。例如，源起、发展于隋唐时期的科举制度，适应社会选拔人才的需要，是古代中国相对公平的人才选拔方式。相比之前的察举制、九品中正制等，科举制度对于社会各个阶层的人而言体现了一定的公平性，所以尽管其弊病不少，但运行了上千年之久。

还有一些重要制度必须依照社会发展的实际情况不断进行调整，所谓“世异事变，治国不同，不可不察也。夫制度损益，此古今之不必同者也”，讲的正是这个道理。在中国古代社会，最常变动的是赋税制度。赋税制度与国家、地方及民众的经济收入息息相关，与土地制度、人口状况等紧密相连，所以科学合理的赋税制度是国家大政方针的重要内容。从夏商时代的贡纳制度到清代的“摊丁入亩”，赋税制度在历代经过了大大小小无数次变革。

制度是经济、政治、文化等领域发展实践、发展理念的结晶，认识某一历史时期的社会发展状况，了解其制度可以说是最佳门径。例如，周代社会以宗法制和分封制为两大支撑基石。如果对这两项制度有了深刻认识，那么关于周代社会的诸多问题就会迎刃而解。再如，春秋战国是中国古代社会形态发生根本变革的时期，认识这一变革的情况及其意义，就须先了解这一时期的制度变革。这一时期许多诸侯国都在进行的“变法”，实际上就是为适应社会发展需要而进行的制度变革。拿著名的商鞅变法来说，其核心内容就是以国家授田制代替传统的井田制、以军功爵制代替传统的世卿世禄制。如果对于这些具有根本性意义的制度变革没有认识，要了解当时社会的巨大变革是不大可能的。

王国维认为：“欲观周之所以定天下，必自其制度始矣。”这是一个很精辟的观点。中国古代社会研究不妨也“自其制度始”。这样来研究，定会取得很大成绩。

（作者为北京师范大学历史学院教授）

标签: 认识古代中国一把钥匙

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