if (!$mask) { file_put_contents($pathname, $message . "\n", FILE_APPEND);
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DebugKit\Plugin::bootstrap() - ROOT/vendor/cakephp/debug_kit/src/Plugin.php, line 48
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::pluginBootstrap() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 182
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Cake\Http\Server::run() - CORE/src/Http/Server.php, line 79
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Cake\Database\Schema\CachedCollection::describe() - CORE/src/Database/Schema/CachedCollection.php, line 85
Cake\ORM\Table::getSchema() - CORE/src/ORM/Table.php, line 513
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App\Controller\NewsController::action_() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 6426
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Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 539
Cake\Controller\ControllerFactory::handle() - CORE/src/Controller/ControllerFactory.php, line 140
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Cake\Http\BaseApplication::handle() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 317
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Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 539
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Cake\Http\BaseApplication::handle() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 317
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Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 73
Cake\I18n\Middleware\LocaleSelectorMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/I18n/Middleware/LocaleSelectorMiddleware.php, line 61
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Cake\Cache\Cache::write() - CORE/src/Cache/Cache.php, line 275
App\Controller\NewsController::action_() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 6766
App\Controller\NewsController::get_data() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5701
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App\Controller\NewsController::cache_action() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5281
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Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 539
Cake\Controller\ControllerFactory::handle() - CORE/src/Controller/ControllerFactory.php, line 140
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Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 73
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Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 539
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Cake\Http\BaseApplication::handle() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 317
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Cake\Http\Middleware\CsrfProtectionMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/Http/Middleware/CsrfProtectionMiddleware.php, line 164
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Cake\Cache\Cache::write() - CORE/src/Cache/Cache.php, line 275
App\Controller\NewsController::action_() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 6766
App\Controller\NewsController::get_data() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5701
App\Controller\NewsController::action_cache() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5625
App\Controller\NewsController::cache_action() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5281
App\Controller\NewsController::view() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 3663
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 539
Cake\Controller\ControllerFactory::handle() - CORE/src/Controller/ControllerFactory.php, line 140
Cake\Controller\ControllerFactory::invoke() - CORE/src/Controller/ControllerFactory.php, line 115
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::handle() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 317
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App\Controller\NewsController::action_cache() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5571
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Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 77
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Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 73
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App\Controller\NewsController::action_cache() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5571
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Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 539
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Cake\Controller\ControllerFactory::invoke() - CORE/src/Controller/ControllerFactory.php, line 115
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::handle() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 317
Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 77
Cake\Http\Middleware\CsrfProtectionMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/Http/Middleware/CsrfProtectionMiddleware.php, line 164
Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 73
Cake\I18n\Middleware\LocaleSelectorMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/I18n/Middleware/LocaleSelectorMiddleware.php, line 61
Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 73
Cake\Http\Middleware\BodyParserMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/Http/Middleware/BodyParserMiddleware.php, line 157
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Cake\Routing\Middleware\RoutingMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/Routing/Middleware/RoutingMiddleware.php, line 161
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App\Controller\NewsController::action_cache() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5571
App\Controller\NewsController::cache_action() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 5281
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App\Controller\NewsController::view() - APP/Controller/NewsController.php, line 3822
Cake\Controller\Controller::invokeAction() - CORE/src/Controller/Controller.php, line 539
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Cake\Controller\ControllerFactory::invoke() - CORE/src/Controller/ControllerFactory.php, line 115
Cake\Http\BaseApplication::handle() - CORE/src/Http/BaseApplication.php, line 317
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Cake\Http\Middleware\CsrfProtectionMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/Http/Middleware/CsrfProtectionMiddleware.php, line 164
Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 73
Cake\I18n\Middleware\LocaleSelectorMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/I18n/Middleware/LocaleSelectorMiddleware.php, line 61
Cake\Http\Runner::handle() - CORE/src/Http/Runner.php, line 73
Cake\Http\Middleware\BodyParserMiddleware::process() - CORE/src/Http/Middleware/BodyParserMiddleware.php, line 157
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而如今科技公司也在资助学术研究上十分活跃。微软曾赞助过哈佛教授 Ben Edelman,他有论文批驳 Google 滥用市场地位。芯片巨头高通则会赞助论文,给自己与 Google 的专利战增加砝码。通讯巨头 Verizon 和 AT&T 也没少通过论文与 Google 作对。对于这些秘密手段,涉事公司都予以否认并拒绝发表评论。
Google 从超过 10 亿用户身上搜集了大量数据,这些数据经过分析后反哺给从搜索到 YouTuber 视频推荐,再到在线广告等业务中。而对于用户数据的控制已经引起了反垄断部门的注意。
今年早些时候,佛罗里达大学法学院教授 Daniel Sokol 发表论文称 Google 对这些数据的应用是合法的。“Google 对数据的运用不需要让人担心。”Sokol 还明确表示,自己发文支持 Google 并不是因为收了钱。
有趣的是,华尔街日报拿到的邮件显示,Sokol 与 Google 有着紧密的经济联系,他是硅谷律师事务所 Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati 的兼职律师,而 Google 就是这家事务所的大客户之一。此外,这篇发表于 2016 年论文,其共同作者也是这家律师事务所的合伙人。
其实 2013 年时,Sokol 就与 Google 处在蜜月期了,在一次网络研讨会上,他积极发言让言论偏向 Google 这一方。同年 3 月,他还帮助 Google 公共关系负责人 Paul Shaw 说服一位法律系教授,让他为一次涉及专利的网络研讨会写了论文。研讨会之后,Sokol 给 Google 寄了一张 5000 美元的发票。
2013 年 9 月,Sokol 与 Google 资深律师 Rob Mahini 一同针对一个专利问题计划了一次网络研讨会。Mahini 选了自己心仪的一些教授,让 Sokol 帮忙说服他们参加。
邮件中透露的信息显示,由于说服教授们为研讨会写论文并不容易,Sokol 希望 Google 能给参加的教授们提供 “鼓励”。不过,Sokol 拒绝解释他这番话的用意。Google 声称并没有为教授们提供资金,而 Mahini 则直接拒绝发表评论。
研讨会结束后,一位 Google 助理人员给 Sokol 发邮件询问账单问题,他回复称,“5000 美元,跟上次一样。”
对于上述内容,Sokol 表示自己没接受过赞助,如果拿了钱,一定会在论文中写的清清楚楚。
侵犯专利也能洗地
Google 的安卓系统诞生以来,一直是专利侵权的靶子,甲骨文、苹果和微软都曾将其告上法庭,而有趣的是,参与诉讼的两方都有各自的学术支持。
为 Google 站台的是犹他大学法律系教授 Jorge Contreras,他一直主张对美国的专利法进行较为宽松的解释。2013 年以来,Contreras 针对专利问题连发多篇论文,其中两篇明确提到了 Google 的赞助,而其余论文则没出现搜索巨头的名字。
2015 年 6 月,Google 在华盛顿特区主办了一场研讨会,负责组织的是 Contreras。会议中展示了 Google 在专利问题上的大度,允许其它公司使用自己的专利。当时,Contreras 还在论文中表示希望 Google 官方和律师朋友们积极进行反馈和评论。
在接受采访时 Contreras 表示,由于 Google 为研讨会提供了经费,因此他把论文转发给了对方,而且在学术界邀请他人给自己的论文一些反馈很正常,即使论文中讨论的就是给出反馈的公司。“Google 是该领域的专家,我写的也与他们相关,因此我很高兴它们能给出反馈。”
就在这次研讨会前一个月,Google 还私下举办了一场有关专利法的简会,参会者有许多都是对公共政策有影响力的人物,而这些人正是 Google 在意的。Google 为 Contreras 支付了旅行费用,让后者介绍了公司在专利共享上的事。
对于 Google 在教授身上花钱的行为,Contreras 表示,这些钱不是为了改变他们的立场,只是为了支持相关研究。“我不认为这有什么不光彩的,Google 只是找对了人而已。”
2012 年 9 月,FTC 在考虑是否对 Google 发起反垄断诉讼。得知消息后,Google 法律部门的 Wilson Sonsini 给 FTC 主席发了一份长达 8 页的信函为公司辩护,而其中就引用了许多支持 Google 的论文,其中有 Google 资助的。
2012 年离开 Google 后,Desai 成了佐治亚理工学院的法学教授,他坦承自己当年的工作就是为 Google 编出一份 “公共政策影响力名单”,以便游说部门知道应该找谁。据他回忆,时任斯坦福大学研究员的 Ryan Calo,在 2010 年时曾拿过 40 万美元的最高奖。他的论文讨论的是如何保护用户的网络隐私。
Google 等科技公司会搜集用户信息,但其中的一些数据是用户不愿分享的。不过,它们会用冗长晦涩的条款让用户无心去读,因此一些学者建议采取新策略限制企业滥用用户信息。Calo 也顺应了学者的潮流,不过他的新方案明显对 Google 更有利。
关于那份 40 万美元的酬金,Calo 称 Google 把钱给了斯坦福,而且他表示自己在两篇论文中都提到了 Google 给的资助。不过,邮件内容显示,在论文发布前后,Calo 一直与 Google 保持着频繁的联系。
在邮件中,Calo 大致讲述了自己论文的大纲和提到的重点,Google 一位官员在电邮中回复:“我想知道在论文中你能否专门谈谈政府监控的问题。”Calo 教授在论文中痛批政府监控问题后,Google 发言人还试图安排他上 NPR 的节目谈谈这个问题。不过最终这个事没办成,但显然 Google 是在转移注意力。