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凝胶做“画板” 更精细自由的3D打印新技术 - 站长搜索
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凝胶做“画板” 更精细自由的3D打印新技术

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2015-10-01 22:15:38 转载来源: 网络整理/侵权必删

现在,3D打印早已不是什么新话题,只要在计算机上建好模型,人们就可以用3D打印机在立体的空间里随意“挥毫泼墨”了。但是,这份“随意”依然有一些限制,如果是打印非常纤细复杂的部件,或者使用柔软、脆弱的材料,打印制品都会容易变形

现在,3D打印早已不是什么新话题,只要在计算机上建好模型,人们就可以用3D打印机在立体的空间里随意“挥毫泼墨”了。但是,这份“随意”依然有一些限制,如果是打印非常纤细复杂的部件,或者使用柔软、脆弱的材料,打印制品都会容易变形。

而现在,一组美国研究们为这一问题找到了巧妙的解决方案。只要用上一种生活中也很常见的东西,就能让所有纤细的结构都得到支撑,使3D打印获得真正的“自由”。在演示视频中,研究者就用他们的设备毫不费力地打出了拥有纤细触手的“水母”、俄罗斯套娃等复杂结构,并且丝毫不会走样。

▲一只3D打印水母。原视频来自:Sam Tracey

这种技术的关键在于一种名叫“卡波姆”的凝胶基质。卡波姆是由丙烯酸酯和多元醇聚合形成的一种交联高分子材料,由于其分子链结构中有很多亲水性的羧基(―COOH),因此它可以“锁住”大量水分子,在分子链中间形成水凝胶。如果研究过化妆品的成分表,你可能对卡波姆并不陌生。仅需很低浓度的卡波姆即可起到高效的增稠作用,因此卡波姆凝胶从20世纪90年代起就已经作为日化用品的流变调节剂而被广泛使用了。用卡波姆增稠后的日化用品一方面可以长时间稳定存放,另一方面使用时的触感也更加柔滑。

▲干燥(左)及凝胶状态(右)的卡波姆,在日化产品中也经常能见到它。

在这里,研究者们使用的是颗粒大小只有7微米的卡波姆凝胶微粒。这种水凝胶有种特别的物理性质:它平时可以稳定地保持形状,而只需要施加低强度的剪切力就可以让它表现出良好的流动性。这也就是说,当3D打印的材料留在原地时,凝胶可以为它提供支撑,而当打印所用的针头在凝胶中移动时,它周围的凝胶又会流动起来,不阻碍针头的运动。而且,在针头移走之后,周围的凝胶还会再恢复原状。

▲在凝胶中打印的复杂管道结构。原视频来自:Sam Tracey

有了立体凝胶“画板”的支撑,科学家们只要控制一个细长的针头作为“画笔”,将打印“颜料”注射到合适的位置就可以完成打印了。“画笔”移动的时候,卡波姆凝胶像液体一样让针头在其中滑过,而留下的“笔迹”则会在凝胶中留在原处。

▲为了展示技术的精细,研究者们还打印起了迷你俄罗斯套娃。注意,图上的标尺长度可只有5毫米。原视频来自:Sam Tracey

提供支撑的凝胶基质能与很多材料兼容,硅树脂、凝胶、胶体甚至活细胞的分散液都可以作为“颜料”来进行打印。在经过处理之后,凝胶中的打印品也可以毫发无损地取出。例如,研究者们使用了加入光引发剂的打印材料来制作这些水母,打印制品经过紫外光照射交联之后再经过水洗去,水母们就可以从凝胶介质中解放出来了。

在经过交联处理后,3D打印的小水母就可以毫发无伤地从凝胶中取出。图片来自:T Bhattacharjee, K Schulze, W G Sawyer and T E Angelini, University of Florida

凝胶介质的加入为3D打印技术拓展了更多的可能,它在生物技术、仿生结构等领域都可以找到自己的用武之地。而这种利用寻常材料解决前沿问题的巧妙思路,对工程师们也很有启发性。

标签: 凝胶 画板 精细 自由 3D 打印 新技术


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