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太空垃圾激光测距显“神通” - 站长搜索
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太空垃圾激光测距显“神通”

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2020-08-05 10:10:09 转载来源: 科技日报

提高地球轨道上卫星和太空站操作安全性科技日报北京8月4日电 (记者张梦然)地球轨道上的太空垃圾越来越多,对有源卫星构成了严重威胁。据英国《自然·通讯》杂志4日发表的一项物理学研究,欧洲科学家团队通过将望远镜、探测器、滤光片相结合,实现了在白昼对太空垃圾进行激光测距

提高地球轨道上卫星和太空站操作安全性

科技日报北京8月4日电 (记者张梦然)地球轨道上的太空垃圾越来越多,对有源卫星构成了严重威胁。据英国《自然·通讯》杂志4日发表的一项物理学研究,欧洲科学家团队通过将望远镜、探测器、滤光片相结合,实现了在白昼对太空垃圾进行激光测距。这一最新成果极大增加了该技术的使用时长——从以前的一天中只有几小时,延长至全天大部分时间,提高了地球轨道上卫星和太空站的操作安全性。

假如人类探索太空的壮举,要伴随无处不在的太空垃圾,那简直无异于在枪林弹雨中前行。太空垃圾是指一些零碎的、围绕地球轨道的无用人造物体,也称轨道碎片。它们小到报废卫星碎片、漆片、粉尘,大到一整片火箭或飞船的残骸。目前,近地轨道就像是拥挤的交通要塞,而且还没有“警察”疏导。这些垃圾的速度非常快——可达17500英里/小时(28200公里/小时),即使是最小的一块也可能造成巨大损害,致使地球轨道上的大片区域荒废。

因此,太空垃圾激光测距应运而生,可以用来跟踪太空垃圾、防止发生碰撞——太空垃圾激光测距能测量离这些物体的距离,从而帮助避免对卫星和航天器的破坏。不过,这种技术目前只能在暮色时分的几小时内开展——此时地球上的卫星激光测距站处于黑暗中,而太空垃圾仍能被太阳照亮。

奥地利科学院太空研究所科学家麦克尔·斯奈德福尔及其同事,此次将一架望远镜、探测器和滤光片相结合,以提高物体相对白昼天空的对比度。他们还开发出了实时目标探测软件,可以计算出目标预测偏差,利用这种偏差纠正不准确的预测。研究团队通过实验演示了白昼太空垃圾激光测距是可行的,而且能增加所有卫星激光测距站的潜在观测时长。作者指出,奥地利格拉茨的太空激光测距站的观测时长可以依季节从每天6小时增加至22小时。

研究团队称,超常观测时间允许对太空垃圾进行更精准的轨道预报,有助于提高地球轨道上卫星和太空站的操作安全性。

总编辑圈点

在功成身退之后,航天器的碎片成为令人头疼的存在。它们已经无法主动向人类世界发出讯号,只能由人类主动发现、主动定位并主动躲避。所谓激光测距,简单来说,就是利用物体的激光反射来测量物体与激光发射源之间的距离。为了让测量更精确,常常还需动用激光阵列。此次,研究人员采用了一种看起来并不麻烦的方法,延长了太空垃圾激光测距的时间,从而实现更精准的位置预测。不过,现在这只是实验结论,在实践中白昼测距的准确性,还需要经受进一步检验。

标签: 太空 垃圾 激光 测距 神通


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