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机器智能本可防止德翼空客A320坠机 - 站长搜索
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机器智能本可防止德翼空客A320坠机

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2015-03-29 06:48:05 转载来源: 网络整理/侵权必删

四天前,德国之翼9525航班副驾驶员自杀式毁机,150人无一生还。德国、加拿大等国紧急出台新条令,要求客机在飞行中保证驾驶舱内至少有两名机组人员

四天前,德国之翼9525航班副驾驶员自杀式毁机,150人无一生还。德国、加拿大等国紧急出台新条令,要求客机在飞行中保证驾驶舱内至少有两名机组人员。但是,谁也没办法保证,两人不会同时出问题。

此次失事的飞机型号为空客A320,采用全自动电传操纵系统,是世界上安全记录最佳的飞机。这些年,电传操纵系统没少挨批评。反对者认为,它会让驾驶员过度依赖技术。但事实上,电传操纵系统避免很多悲剧的发生。目前的航行系统,给电脑的权限很少,给驾驶员的权限很多。电脑是严格按照程序运作的,但人有时候会丧心病狂。

马斯克、霍金等人表达了对超级人工智能的担忧。但人工智能先驱Jeff Hawkins坚信,人工智能不会终结人类。我们总担心给机器的权限太多,但事实上少得可怜。人类最大的威胁来自自己。

Hawkins是机器智能公司Numenta的联合创始人。Numenta推出的第一款产品是Grok,它通过大量筛选亚马逊的服务器活动数据,来识别异常的事件模式。同样的方法可以运用到航空领域,实时监测飞行数据,察觉到异常状况时,第一时间向地面控制系统发出警报。Numenta已将软件开源,并为DARPA(美国国防部高级研究计划局)和其他政府机构所采用。

Hawkins采用的机器智能方法是分层式即时记忆(HTM),这和主流的深度学习(DL)技术有很大区别。二者都用层次矩阵从大数据集中学习模式。但HTM的灵感来自生物学,将大脑的神经元分层作为构架模型。DL则本质上是运用数学方法,将人脑抽象成深浅不同的层级。HTM使用更大的矩阵,将层级扁平化,矩阵里的数据稀疏分布。最重要的区别在于,HTM处理的是时基数据,DL处理的是静态数据。

对于新兴的物联网来说,时基数据和实时数据至关重要。如果要实时追踪物体,比如说,那架空客A320,就要求系统具备连续处理数据流的能力。在这种情况下,像Grok那样的系统就能派上用场。

如果空客A320配备了机器智能,它可以阻止坠机悲剧的发生吗?

Hawkins说,可以。但前提是,驾驶员没有权限关上机器智能。如果驾驶员想关就关,再牛的机器智能也无可奈何。

在Hawkins看来,对机器智能的畏惧是暂时的,就像人们起初畏惧网上支付,但后来都慢慢接受。自动驾驶的汽车、自动航行的飞机,也会慢慢被大家接受。如果异常检测软件和越权控制软件足够完善,同时,机组人员无权访问这些软件,飞机会更安全。最大的问题是,从理论上讲,机器智能比人类更安全,但该如何证明呢?举个例子,谷歌宣称无人驾驶汽车比人类驾驶更安全,但该如何证明呢?如果机器智能出错,不管多小的错,都会引起轩然大波,毁掉好不容易积累起来的信任。

标签: 机器 智能 可防止 德翼 空客 A320 坠机


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